A conflict of interest exists when a person’s objectivity is—or could reasonably be perceived to be—compromised by personal, professional, or financial relationships.
Reviewers and editors must declare a conflict of interest and recuse themselves from handling a manuscript if they:
Have a close personal or professional relationship with the author(s);
Are affiliated with the same institution or research project as the author(s);
Have a financial, ideological, or theological stake in the outcome or topic of the manuscript.
Authors are also expected to disclose any potential conflicts of interest when submitting their work. This includes:
Financial support from organizations that could be perceived to influence the findings;
Personal relationships that may affect the presentation of the work;
Dual submission to journals with overlapping editorial teams or review boards.
Failure to disclose relevant conflicts may result in editorial delays, retraction, or disqualification from future submissions.